Creating 3D Objects with Integrated Electronics via Multiphoton Fabrication In Vitro and In Vivo

3D objects with integrated electronics are produced using an additive manufacturing approach relying on multiphoton fabrication (direct laser writing, (DLW)). Conducting polymer-based structures (with micrometer-millimeter scale features) printed within exemplar matrices, including elastomer (polydimethylsiloxane, (PDMS)) have been widely investigated for biomedical applications. The fidelity of the printing process in PDMS is assessed by optical coherence tomography, and conducting polymer demonstrated to be capable stimulating mouse brain tissue vitro. Furthermore, applicability vivo live nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans). These results highlight potential such approaches produce next-generation advanced material technologies, notably technical medical applications (e.g., human-computer interfaces).